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39.65 /4: 


ue 34 


Bulletin No. 34 M. M. 1 EIGHTON March 25, 1922, 


COMMON\VEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 


DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS 
James BP. Yloodward, Secretary 


BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GECLOGICAI SURVE 
George H. Ashley, State Geologist 








COAL BEDS IN ESTMORELAND COUNTY 
By 


da Ds) SLSLer 


Tntroduction, 


Westmoreland County stands 2a close. second to Fayette County as a 
bituminous co?, producer. These counties produce about one-third of 
the bituminous coal:mined in Pennsylvwnia, and about one-ninth of the 
gutput of the United States. 3 - 

a 


In 1918 Westmoreland County produced 28,121,234 tons of coal, 
valued at $66,524,649. Of this amount, 18,961,259 tons,valued at 


$47,930,583 were loaded at the mines for shipment; 8,040,942 tons, 


valued at $16,106,849 were made into coke at the mines; 500,878 tons 
were sold to local trade and used by employees; $18,155 tons were used 
at the mines for steam nnd heat, 


There sre 16 coal beds of mineable thickness in the county. The 
Pittsburgh coal is by for the most important and is mineable wherever 
it occurs. The Brookville, Lower Kittanning, ‘Middle Kittanning, Lower 
Freeport, Upper Freeport, Redstone, Sewickley; Uniontorm, and Waynes~ 
burg beds are workable-locnlly. The Mahoning, Brush Creek, Bakers- 
town, Harlem, Duquesne, 2nd Washington coals may be utilized when the 
thicker beds are mined out, 


Westmoreland County has been a large producer for many years, and 
the chief source of this supply, the Pittsburgh coal; is being ex- 
hausted rapidly. However, there are many other beds, yet undeveloped 
and even unprospected in some areas, which wil* become more and more 
important, and eventually supply the total ow-put. Little attention 
has been given these beds until lately because the Pittsburgh coal has 
$0 overshadowed them. Much prospecting in recent years has proved 
thet they lock continuity. and uniformity but locally are mineable beds 
of good quality. 





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P Westmoreland County is in the southwestern part of the State, 
between Conemaugh, Allegheny, and Monongahela rivers. It is bounded 
On the north by Armstrong and Indiana counties, on the east by Cambria 
and Somerset counties, on the south by Fayette County, and on the 

west by ‘jashington and Allegheny countics. Its shape is irregular, 
but its greatest width from east to west and north to south is about 
40 miles. The area is 1,063 square miles, and the population in 1920 
was £73,568, or about 257 per square mile, 


The main line of the Pemsylvania Railroad enters the county 
east of Seward, and runs through Derry, Latrobe, Greensburg, and 
Jeannctte to Pittsburgh, giving fine transportation facilities to 
every cool district near it. Branches from the main line serve the 
mining towns scattered over the county, The main line of the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad follows the Youghiogheny across the southwest 
corner or the county and has a branch to Everson and Mount Pleasant. 
The Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad follows the west bank of the 
Youghiogheny across Rostraver township. The Ligonier Valley Railroad 
runs‘between Latrobe, Ligonicr, and Wilpen. The Pittsburgh, Wastmore- 
jand, and Somerset Railroad runs from Ligonier across the castern 
county line to Somerset, Somerset County. 


Although Westmoreland County has but few miles of frontage on 
the Monongahela, many tons of coal are shipped cach year by barge, 
cSpecially to Pittsburgh and points along the Ohio. ; 


oD ont art has an unusvally inrge mileage of improved roads. 
t OF Qe township roads are dirt, and are kept in good condition. 
re coal-is hauled over the roads in the eastern than in the western 
Yowunshipg, because they are not so well served by railroads. During 
the time of excessive pricés for coal, thousands of tons were hauled 
to sidings, but now little coal is hauled: over the roads except for 
local use. 


With these transportation facilities Westmoreland County can 
Ship its coal to any point. aA large percentage of the coal is made 
into coke for use in the furnaces at Pittsbureh; an cnormous amount 
is shipped to large cities for gas manufacture, the remainder is used 
for steaming purposes, Probably the largest tonnage is shipped to 
the Central States and to the lake trade, 


The topography of the county is diversified, Laurel Ridge, along 
the eastern boundary is over 2700 feet high and, with Chestnut Ridge, 
forms a mountainous belt. The county west of Chestnut Ridge is 
decidedly hilly, but these hills rise to a common level, and viewed 
from a high point resemble a gently rolling plain. The main streams 
flow across antieclines through narrow gorges;;in the basins they have 
broad fertile valleys with gentle slopes; Four great terraces, the 
remnants of which represent the Schooley, Harrisburg, and Worthington 
peneplains and the Parker strata, have great extent in the county. 
Elevations range from 2780 feet above sea level on the crest of 
Laurel Ridge, to 750 feet on Monongahela River, 


| STRUCTURE. 
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have been recognized and studied, They are, in order from east to 
west: Laurel Hill anticline, Ligonicr synclinc, Chestnut Ridge anti- 
Cline, Latrobe Syneline, Fayette anticline, Greensburg syncline, 
Grapeville anticline, Irwin {Port Royal) Syneline, Hlders Ridge syn- 
Cline, Murrysville anticline, and Duquesne syncline,. 


Laurel Hill anticline, on the eastern edze of the county, is a 
great fold that has brought the Pottsville and Meuch Chunk rocks to 
outcrop. The axis is 4200 feet above sea level on the county line 
Southeast of Wilpen; from that point it dips gradually north and 

South, The rocks dip steeply but regularly into the Ligonier syn- 
Cline on the west, 


Ligonier syncline crosses the Conemaugh below New Plorence, 
extends southwest, and leaves the county midway between Jones Mills 
and Donegal, It is a long narrow basin with irregular dips and minor 
folds along its axis. The rise of the rocks to the east averages 
about 25 per cent, and is fairly regular, but on the west the rise is 
irregular, with local dips as high as 80 per cent, 


Chestnut Ridge anticline, lying west of Ligonier syncline, 
Crosses the north boundary of the county near Bolivar, and leaves the 
south boundary a few miles west of Donegal. It ig a pronounced fold, 
Devine, with local. exceptions, regular dips on both flanks. The 
* Total: Scent is greater on the eastern side. The axis varies much 

an @¢levition, | 


Latrobe syncline, lying northwest of the Chestnut Ridge anti- 
Cline, forms a long narrow basin extending between Blairsville and 
Scottdale, The axis varies in elevation as though afrected by 
numerous small cross anticlines.. The dips on the east flank are 
rather high and regular but on the west flank they vary greatly. 


Payette anticline, the next structure to the west, crosses the 
Conemaugh a few miles west of Blairsville, ard extends southwest to 
Jacobs Creek, a few miles west of Tyrone iliidis. Its maximum develepa 
ment is on Jacobs Creek and at a point west-of Latrobe. It descends 
about 2 miles northeast of Loyalhsnna Creek, rises again into an 
elongated dome, then plunges and rapidly disappears near Conemaugh 
River, 


Greensbiu'g syncline crosses the county from just west of Blairs. 
ville, through Greensburz to Sewickley Creek, its total iength in 
Westmoreland Ccunty being about 26 miles, Jt is a minor feature on 
Sewickley Creck, put deepens rapidly to a point 2 miles north of 
Greensburg where the Pittsburgh coal is 775 feet above sea level, 

The axis rises gradually to the northeast, the Pittsburgh coal being 
nearly 1300 feet above tide north of New Alexandria. The dips are 
regular on both flanks, 


Grapeville { Jacksonville) anticline crosses the Conemaugh about 
© miles southeast of Saltsburg, extends southwest rear Jeannette ana 
ends just north of Walts Mill on Sewickley Creek, The anticline hi 


rises gradually from Sewickley.Creek to a point about 34 miles OT Ht 


east of Jeannette, where the Pittsburgh coal is 1800 feet above gam 
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Pittsburgh coal having an elevation of 1630 feet a mile north of 
Congruity. The dips are rggular and gentile on both flanks. 


Irwin (Port Royal) syncline has its northern end about 2 miles 
north of Export, and extends southwest through Manor, crossing the 
Youghiogheny at Port Royal just west of Smithton. In the vicinity of 
Herminie the basin is broad and flat, with the Pittsburgh coal less 
than 600 feet above tide. The basin narrows, the slopes become 
steeper, and the axis rises northeast to a point about 1 mile sotth- 
east of Export, where the Pittsburgh coal is 950 feet above tide. 

The axis rises more rapidly northeastward and the Pittsburgh coal out- 
rae 2 to 4 miles northwest of Export, where a minor roll splits the 
Syneline,. . 


Hilders Ridge syncline is really & continuation of the Irwin syn- 
cline with a saddle separating them. The axis dips gently northeast, 
and continues as a minor structure across the Kiskiminitas at Edri. 


Murrysville anticline crosses the Kiskiminitas a few miles west 
of Salina, extends southwest near Murrysville and leaves the county 
about 1 mile southwest of Trafford City. It is a broad, well 
developed structure, with gentle, uniform dips on both flanks, At 
Trafford City the Pittsburgh coal is 1280 feet above sea level; the 
axis rises rapidly northeast until the Pittsburgh coal is 1750 feet 
above sea level near the Kiskiminitas, 7 a 


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Duquesne syneline crosses the northwest corner of the county'as 
a broad shallow basin with the rocks rising gently on both flanks, 


The axis is fairly uniform in elevation, ; 


The northern continuation of the Amity anticline probably extend: 
along Allegheny River in Westmoreland County. It has not been 
studied, but evidently is a minor feature, , 


STRATICRAPHY. 


The outcropping rocks of Westmoreland County belong to the 
Quaternary, Carboniferous and Devonian systems. The Quaternary SySs-~- 
tem is represented by river deposits of recent age, and by the Car- 
michaels formation. The Carboniferous system‘is represented by the 
Washington, Monongahela, Conemaugh, Ailegheny, Pottsville , Mauch 
Chunk, and Pocono. The Devonian is represented by the Catskill for- 
mation. , 


The stream deposits are sands, clays, and gravel which the 
streams are depositing on their flood plains at high water. The 
Carmichaels formation is limited almost entirely to the larger 
valleys, where it occurs as unconsolidated terrace deposits of sand, 
clay, and gravel, 


The Washington formation has been almost entirely eroded ‘from 
the county, remaining in a few hilltops in the deepest basins, par- 
ticularly in the southwestern part of the county, It is composed of 
shales, thin limestones, shaly sandstones, and one workable coal bed. 


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\ The Monongahela formation is present only in the synclinal 
basins. [It contains five workable coal beds, including the Pitts- 
burgh coal. The formation is extremely calcareous, with few massive 
Sandstones and many feet of sandy shales. It averages about 400 feet 
thick, 


The Conemaugh formation is present in the basins and on the 
flanks of the synclines. It is composed chiefly of green and read 
Shale, several coarse sandstones, numerous thin limestones and five 
coal beds that locally are of workable thickness, Its average thick- 
ness is about 645 feet. 


The Allegheny formation is present in practically the ontire 
county, except where the anticlines have raised the Pottsville to 
outcrop in the high ridges. It-‘is composed laregly of shale, with a 
few heavy sandstones, clay beds, limestones, and three coal beds 
locally of workable thickness, Its average thickness is about 285 
feet. 


The Pottsville formation, ‘outcropping only on the high ridges in: 
the eastern part of the county, is composed of two massive sandstones, 
with sandy shale between them, It is not coal bearing. 


The Pocono ard Catskiil formations are composed of massive sand- 
étdnes and a heavy bed of ‘silicecus Limestone. They are not coal 
bearing. They have a limited outcrop on the crests of Laurel and 
Chestnut Ridges, | , | J 


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COALS. 


‘The following table shows the stratigraphic relation of the coal 
beds, their range in thickness, and the average intervals between 





them. 
Coal Beds in Westmoreland County 
Range in 
Average thickness 
Name of bed interval of coal beds 
Washington —-— ee = = = eee oe fre A teeth Pe Pe ‘@) 210" 
120 
(Waynesburg ---~----+--+-+-+-+-+--+-+--. O - 1086" 
1.5 
(Uniontown - --- --+<+ 2++<+ +se-ee865 =< O orgon 
( 
( (Benwo od?) (145 
Monongahela ( 
400. {Sewickley ----+-+--+-+-e4-s5 +--+ 2+6 O 110" 
( aD ) 
(Redstone - ---+---+-+ =< et He CUR esp auletcty che Westy) 616" 
f 65 
(Pittsburgh adit cae eltatataY anf Vioaae) ocala PA fotes | can BY gous ,' Poe? oe! fon, |) eae sam 1 dom) Veseess 5% & Arr 
f 280 
(Duquesne == ~- -- += 2-2-2 5+ -+-- QO - Lren 
35 
(Harlem — yam ~ 7,7 - = = O AIO m 
60 
CHAP SS BOWL eel a et ie ae ee a la O = 7tan 
Conemaugh 170 
645 (Brush Creek -=- «8 = = wa = = = Ba AH a ee 16" 
45 
( Mahon ing -~-- 2s ++ 2-7 "e727 247 - 0 Bro 
( 55 
(Upper Freeport ("BE") ----+--+-+-+-+--- 0 qian 
60 
(Lower Preeport ("D") --+-+-+-+-+-+-+-- 0 - 2110" 
50 
(Upper Kittanning ("0") --+-----+-+-- 0 = 5ton 
( | 40 
Allegheny (Middle Kittanning ("C") ---+-+-+-+-+-+- QO =- 510" 
285 ( 4 40 
(Lower Kittanning ("B") - ------+--- 0 = 5'0r" 
( 60 
(Clarion ("A") ---+---- a eet Sea ete men Ly nL 
( 35 
(Brookville ("A") - - - --# = +--+ = <"- O - 580" 






















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The Westmoreland -:County coal field is divided into districts by 
four synclinal basins, which are named from the principal towns 
Situated in them; Ligonier basin, Latrobe basin; Greensburg basin, 
and Irwin basin. The coals differ in thickness, number, chemical 
quality, and physical character in each of these basins or districts. 
The important coals will be discussed by districts; to avoid repeti- 
tion the less importart ones will be discussed with the county as a 
unit, 


Allegheny Coals. 


Brookville ("4") Coal. This bed, lying a few feet above the 
Pottsville sandstone and having a meximum thickness of 5 feet is 
extremely impure. Its average thickness is 18 inches. The bed was 
opened in the Ligonier district many years ago for domestic fuel, but 
the openings are now fallen shut. In the central and western parts 
of the county the bed lies at great depth, an@ is knowm only from 
drill records; locally’ it gives promise of some value. 


weecoLearion ("A"") Coal, The Clarion coal is thinner but better in 
quality than thé Brookville coal. It is suiphurous and carries many 
partings. here prosrected in the Ligoniér district, it has a maximum 
thickness of 3 fect 6 inches but is dirty. West of Chestnut Ridge it 
is several hundred feet under cover and may never be mined. 


Middle Kittanning ("0") Coal. This bed is almost entirely leck- 
ing in’ eastern Westmoreland County. On Indian Creek it locally reaches 
& maximum thickness of 23 feet, but is dirty. In the northern part 
of the Ligonier basin it is a thin but clean coal that may be used 
When tHe thicker beds have been worked out. It is deep under cover 
in the central and-western parts of the county, has been recorded in 
many drill records, and is locally a good thick coal. 


Conemaugh Coals. 


There are several thin coals in the Conemaugh formation that have 
no commercial importance at present. These-‘are, in’ascending ‘order: 
M@honing, Brush Creek, Anderson, Bakerstown, Harlem, Duquesne, Wellers-’ 
burg, Little Clarksburg, and Little Pittsburgh. Of these, the Mahoning, 
Brush Creek, Harlem, and Duavesne may be mined loeally in the future, 
when the thicker beds are worked out. 

Mahoning Coal, About 55 feet above the Upper Freeport, is a 
dirty bed of coal, nowhere over 3 feet thick, that has been used 
docally for house fuel. It contains one main sSmle parting near the 
middle aad several thin ones scattered through the bed. The Mahoning 
coal averages 33 per cent volatile matter, 52 per cent fixed carbon, 
10 per cent ash, and 3 per cent sulphur. 


Brush Creek Coal, A bed found 45 to 60 feet above the Mahoning 
coal has been correlated as the Brush Creck, It is a thin coal of 
good quality and has been mined in mmy places for house fuel. It 
averages 12 inches thick, has no partings, and is low in sulphur and 
ash. 


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i Bazerstown Coal. The Bakerstown coal, lying ebout 60 feet 
below tne Harlem coal, is very irregular in thickness and commonly is 
thin. The bed is thickest 4$ miles southwest of Greensburg on Little 
Sewickley Creek where it has been mined and mistaken for the Upper 
Predport. Here it is composed of 5 feet of soft coal, 16 inches of 
caniiel coal, and 1 foct of bony coal, The coal is 52.7 per cent 
volatile matter, 44.9 per cent fixed carbon, 20 per cent ash, and £.6 

4 per cent sulphur. 


ad 


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t Harlem Coal. This bed, lying about 315 feet below the Pitts- 

m burgh coal, averages 1 foot thick and locally has a maximum of 4 feet. 
Phe coal is an excellent smithing and steam coal and nas been used 
more than any other Conemaugn coal for house fuel. 


Duquesne Coal. This bed has been recorded only in the western 
part of the county, where locally it is over 12 inches thick. It 
appears to be good coal but has been little used. 


Coals above the Pittsburgh Bed. 


The Pittsburgh bed is now the most important coal in the county. 
At the present rate of exhaustion it will last hardly 20 years, That 
fact has led the coal companies to prosrect the thin coals lying above 
the Pittsburgh bed, > 


Pittsburgh Rider Coal, This bed, which directly nverlies the 
Pittsburgh bed, locally is over 2 feet thick, but is very shaly. It 
is never mine@ and gives little promise of future utilization. 


Redstone Coal, This beé lies on an average about 65 feet above 
the Pittsburgh bed. It has been mined extensively for house fuel, and 
€uring war time for shipping coal. At present it is mined for ship- 
ment ina few places. Its occurrence is restricted to the hills in 
the basins. North of the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad the 
coal is very thin and is entirely lacking in large areas, It averages 
less than 2 feet thick, but it thickens sonth toward Youghiogheny and 
Monongahela rivers, and’in some places is over 5 feet. The coal is 
Penerally good, and the bed is free from partings, with the exception 

of a local 3-inch clay band near the top. Roof and bottom "rolis"” 
are common. 


The Redstone coal probably is thickest and best in the townships 
South and southwest of Greensburg. South of Madison Station the bed 
is 6 feet 6 inches thick, with a 3-inch clay parting in the upper part. 
In Sewickley township it is 4 feet thick in many places. The bed 
varies greatly in Hempfield township, but it has been opened in many 
places, and will be in demand in the future, In North Huntingdon 
township the bed rangés from 6 to- 30 inches in thickness and has been 
opened for house fuel, 


Sewickley Coal, This bed has an average interval of 140 feet 
above the Pittsburgh bed in Westmoreland County. It is a very dirty 
bed restricted to the hilltops of the Greensburg basin. It has never 
been mined. 


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Benwood Coal, f. coal lying between the benches of the Benwood 
limestone in the Greensburg and Irvin basins averages about 12 inches 
thick, and has been opened at one point, where it is over 3 feet thick. 
The bed is lénticular and varies greatly in thickness within a few 
hundred feet, 


Uniontown Coal, This bec, occvrring abovt 285 feet above the. 
Pittsburgh bed, is thin in ‘iestmoreiand County. Probably it is thick- 
est in-townships bordering Monongahela River. It hes not been pros~. 
pected, but its outcrop indicates that it is very impure. 


Waynesburg Coal. The Waynesburg bed is present in the townships 
bordering Monongahela River. Here it has a maxirum thicitmess of 10 
feet 6 inches and has been mined for local use. The coal is extremely 
impure and the becd‘carries many clay and bone partings, It is thinner 
on Sewickley Creek, but has better quality, anc has been mined. 


: Wasnington Coal. This bed is present only in the highest hill- 
tops in the southem part of the Irwin basin. The coal is soft and 
impure. It has been opened by farmers but probably will never be 
Mined extensively, 


LIGONIER DISTRICT. 


Lower Kittanning Coal. This bed outcrops along the Conemaugh, 
ané on the east and west Slopes of the Ligonier basin. Although it is 
very important on the Conenaugh, very few onenings have been made in 
it elsewhere. The bed anrears to be entirely lacking on Chestnut Ridge, 
but on Laurel Ridge it is a good thick coal, : 


The Lower Kittanning coal averages about 3 feet thick in St. Clair 
township, where it will be mined extensively in the future. At Boltz 
it is 2 feet 9 inches thick,:with a small bone parting near the middle. 
At Seward it is 3 feet thick, and has only one small parting in the 
lower half. The bed is thicker at New Florence, but the upper part is 
bony and impure, and the binder in the middle is much thicker than at 
seward. ‘The coal is 4 feet 6 inches thick at Lockport in Fairfield 
townshiv, but has a large shale parting near the middle, besides~ 
Several local bone partings. The bed is 2 feet thick at Bolivar, but 
is very dirty and high in sulphur, 


In Ligonier and Cook townships the bed has been opened only along 
Laurel Ridge. Here it ranges from 3 feet 6 inches to 4 feet thick, 
with an impure bony top bench 1 foot thick, ance. a thin parting in the 
middle. The coal, which is fairly high in ash and sulphur, is hard 
and blocky above the parting; below it, soft and friable. 


The Lower Kittanning has been mined at Xregar in Donegal township, 
where it is 3 feet 8 inches thick, md has only one small bone binder 
near the middle, The quality is excellent and the bed is free from: 
“rolis". Although it has not been prospected much in this township, 
there are indications that the Tower Kittanning may be mined extensive- 
ly in the future. 












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Upper Kittanning Coal. ~The outcrop of this bed is confined to 
the valley of Conemaugh River, the west slope of Laurel Ridge, end to 
the east Slope of Chestnut Ridge. It has been opened ina few places 
for house coal, but not for shipping. The coal is clean, averages 
about 20 inches thick, and is fairiy low in ash and sulphur. Extreme 
variability in thiekness makes mining uncertain. ‘The coal reaches its 
maximum thickness of 5 feet in St. Clair township, where it-’nas been 
mined for local use, and carries several thin bone partings, and a 
local “draw slate™ on the roof, It is 22 inches thick on Tubmill 
Creek, and 2 feet 8 inches thick on Baldwin Creek, 





In Fairfield tormship, the coal varies much but averages 20 
inches thick. It has been opened for local use by farmers, and is a 
good clean coal, free from partings. 


In Ligonier and Cook townships, the Upper Kittanning coal has not 
been mined. Its outcrop averages about 18 inches thick, Littl» is 
known of its. extent and character in Donegal township but probably it 
will not exceed 18 inches in average thickness. 


Lower Freeport Coal. In Donegal, Cook, -and Ligonier townshirs 
the Lower Freeport coal ts thin: and irregular, at most measuring £0 
inches. Jt has not been opened, but appe rently is clean and free from 
partings. ) 

On Tubinill choca Peirfield township, the coal is 2 feet 8’inches 
thick including a 3 inch clay parting 11 inches from the bottom, and 2 
inches of bony coal at the top. On the Conemaugh it is 2 feet 10 
inches thick, with a 1 to 3 inch bone parting 10 inches from the botton, 
The coal is hard, very high in fixed carbon, medium in esh, but high 
in sulphur, . 


gu St. Clair township , the bed is Seeroniel y irregular, rangi 
from a few inches to 2 feet thick, Exanination of the coal is dif 
cult because openings vores to supply local demand are now fallen snut. 


Upper Freeport Coal. This bed is easily accesSible in every 
township in the Ligonier district, and hasbeen mined in many places 
for local use and for shipment. Tt is extremely variable in thickness 
and quality, but is a very valuable coal in some areas. It appears to 
be thin on Laurel Ridge, thickening toward the center of the basin, 
‘and to its western outerop on Chestnut Ridge, 


The ‘bed outcrops on the west slope of Laurel Ridge in St. Clair 
township, and has been mined extensively for custom-coal on Bsldwin 
Creek. It averages about 3 feet thick, and is good, clean-coal, 
though locally it carries tyo or three thin sh ale parting , and a-few 
inches of bone coal at the top. The upper part of-the bed is a hard 
coal with brilliant lustre, the lower part is dull,-friable, and rather 
high in sulphur. <A local lower division of the bed, which is not 
Mined, ranges from 8 to 20 incres thick, sand is separated from the main 
part of the béd by more than a foot of fire clay. 


The Upper ¥reeport coal has been mined commercially in Fairfield 
township only along Conemaugh River. large untested areas, especially 


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along the western slope of Laurel Ridge, give promise of great future 
value. The greatest thickness of the bed on Tubmill Run is reported 
to be 8 feet 7 inches, including all impurities, The upper division 
-is, 3 feet 5 inches thick, with a 1 to 4 inch bone parting 12 inches 
from the top. The coal is hard, brilliant, and fairly low in ash and 
sulphur. The lower division, 4 feet 6 inches thick, is separated from 
the upper division by an 8-inch shale parting. This lower coal is 
dull, friable, and carries pyrite nodules as the only distinct impur- 
ity. The béd has a maximum thickness of 7 feet 5 inches at Lockport, 
including @ 22-inch clay parting about 2 feet above the bottom. The 
coal is hard and high in ash and sulphur. The fixed carbon is also 
high.. The bed averages between 6 and 7 feet thick at Bolivar, where 
it is mined extensively. Bony coal,10 to 12 inches thick at the top 
of the bed, is the principal impurity. Pyrite makes the bec rather 
high in sulphur. 


In Ligonier township the whole bed is 5 to 7 feet thick. The 
upper division has a maximum thickness of 4 feet 4 inches, and is 
invariably divided into two benches by a 2<ineh bone parting. The 
‘lower civision, which is inferior in quality, and varies greatly in 
thickness is separated from the upper civision by 11 inches of clay.’ 
West of Ligonier on Loyalhanna Creek the bed is locally in one bench, 
with a maxinun thickness of 4 feet 2 inches. The coal is rather dirty 
anc high in sulphur, although locally its quality is excellent. 

In Cook and Donegal townships the bea is thin and Ja, tacicine: 
‘along the west slope of Laurel Ridge, It appears to thicken in the 
center of the Ligonier basin and on the east Slope of Chestnut Ridge. 
This area has not been tested sufficiently as yet to give an accurate 
idea of the thickness and quality of the coal, At Kregar, a coal, 
which probably is the Upper Freeport, is 4 feet 6 inches thick, in- 
eluding zene rally 3 small bone partings, This thickness appears to 
be local, At Roaring Run the bed is-double, An upper 8 inch division © 
is separated from the lower civision, 2 feet thick, by 3 feet of clay 
and shale, 


Pittsburgh Coal. This bed is present only on the high divides 
in the center of the basin in Ligonier and Fairfield tovmships, and 
uncderlics only a little more than 3000 acres. Much of it has been 
minec‘outi The upper civision of the bed is scldom over a few inches 
thick, and the lower division is ‘7 to 8 feet thick, including two or 
three thin bone partings. The coal is soft, friable, and prismatic 
in structure, The sulphur ranges from bclow 1 to 3 per cent, and the 
ash from 6 to 9 per cent. The fixed carbon averages 64 per cent and 
the volatile matter 24 per cent. 


LATROBE BASIN. 
Kittanning Coals. The correlation of the Kittanning coals in 
the Latrobe basin is very indefinite because these coals lie at con- 


siderable depth in the center of the basin and have not been prospected 
where they outcrop on its flanks. 


At least one of the Kittanning coals is mineable. On Chestnut 


- ll - 





















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Ricge, 4 coal, probably one of tl Zittamming coals, lrins 
feet below the Upper Freeport is 3-to 4 fect thick " there 
oe 4 Biles north of Long Brifgc, it is 3 fect 3 inctes t 
- that probably is the Upper zittanning has becn ore ned 07 
Pi southwest of Loyalninma Creek, arf is 5 feet thick 

2f 2% of shale in the riddle of thé bed. On Chestnut Rize 
ez of Latrobe, a bed 100 to 130 feet below the Upper Bye 


S feet thick. 





> 


? +> 
Chestnut 
including 


. - * , £f 44a ino = + 
’ 4 coal in the Zittaming group hes been recorded in many oil eané 
érillings t ro 2 gr ee Cant ae =% 
- re - aa’ Fad oeecr sre S fae ; 
g2 z I anees from ea few inches to 4 feet thick. 
Lower Preeport Cozl. This bed, lying about 60 feet below the 

—_— ~ —- —--= Se oe = JO J tt iL 

Upper Freeport, is extre-ely v2riczbic in thicmmess xd is entirely 
es : 3 2F1i2 > af nmiczmess, 2c 18 envirely 
tacking in lerge areas, ts greatcss thickness probably is ee 

> e ‘ : Ss AP =e: = = fiir Bf SS Ls Ji Guwly iw Jit LZ 
Castern outcrop on Chestmut fidge. 4 

Sm : afi ts — - 

L Upper Freeport Coal. fhis coal is the nost important bed in 
u - _ ---— se sbi UU S Sle V vo a SS 
. e <enT : - = . AY 3 e : 
me Ailltegneny icrmation, anc is of mineable trickness practically 
2 z : of 2 a —5 LY = ee eo 
Sverywhere in the Ietrobe basin. It hes been cpened south ant of 
Marmouth, where it is 57 ee eos eee oe 
, where it is 5 feet thick, incliuédize 2 1 inch dome parting 
b z ee a is - -+-—-; —-- Oe es =* *s5 e793 6. & ) oe eS tine 
Six inches above the bottom. It rrobebly raintains thie thickness i 
5s >» zs —~ d -_—_ «> Se) Bi £5 wel is vViLiVa lion 4a) 
@ terge area. The Upper Freeport co2l ms been mineté extensively for 
loenl use on the western slore of Ghestmt a geet Ah iy a gi A aL 
z . ss ve} 535 w= as W& EE . ™ She Fee if wv i7 uy’ arn Derry 
nd 4 : : 2 nity-and Derr, 
townships. Just north of Zingston, near Loyelheanns Creek the coal 
as 4 feet thick, an€ clean PE ee as S ere a he ee ant 
> - Cie2n. su OuUnNEStOw he bez 4a A Feet 5 inches 
= ick ‘3 cl x », : a * ed ~ Sea os So = vue we —_) = Cec & v 2fivilts wD 
mick. including 1 inch 3f clay 2-feet 10 inctvs from the top; 
Mill Lr , ee - E —-= oe t G LU imcms trom tHe top; on 
filler Run, 4 feet 4 inches thick, inciuii 5 incl e : 

: , 4 teet 4 inches thick, including 2 inches of clay one foot 
from the bottom: one nile south cf Ra - 6 pcites «Fp igie settiet ae 
cludi 14 m> one mile south ci Derry 6 feet S inches thicz, in 

; a: . “ ~ a - . es 7 * — ee +-iw+-4 _—-=- 
ang 14 inches of srale 2 feet £4 inch:s from the Potton. 
The coal thickcns north = Loyalhemna Creck, 2né st of 7D 
« aa ans OFtn Se LOyaineriia Crceca anc east cf: verry 
measures 7 feet 2 inches. inclucin= 18 ims er ee eee % 
= Qs —_-— . ae aA im ii Ss VS S i? £ A LECT co 
anches from the bottom. Just east of berrr a Aleta Ee e Chest 
ae = - > => — : GS : 3 1st Of res 
ae hs ve ’ wd Ji s8&iiso, Y Sis- a-k&® COL Vix std 
Mae Ridee,. th: coal is 6 feet 3 inectes thick, ircludine 3 inenes of 

- FSI ae je g = = — 4 = witli, fiw BAG Lit es Fein wo Oz 
ghaie iour feet from the bottom: Fhe i 3 t J 
; from the bottom; Fhe coal is opened 2% rmeny pisces 
between Derry eng the Come rau >> ans =a — dite en * rays +s ——--L -= sUC © 
7 VOTE i an, ama 1S < tO © 1€t whicz. 
< Pittsburg Coal. "he Latrobe Ahetn sr>eritace =52 rarthe rn a4 

ah = 26 Fo DSSin 2ECluces sac norenern ez 
Gf the Connellsville cokine coni fielé.- The Pittsbure ig ie eT 
roe : * eo Z2cism £ Sf £4 @ £450 Si GesdulrEe.® cecal nes Ere 
Sare coking quality as 3% Connelilsyv: i? e-ce-t in the : 
nM s a& VUE LL So’ 2-S, Sele & an Ge 2res northeast 
of Latrobe. : Ba eg ema 
~ i > +7 — co} = > - > -_ = _ 
a The ‘Pittsburgh coal in the Latrobe besin consists of 2 roof 
Rivision, @ mein clay parting, ami a main <ivision. The roof ¢ivision 
is + Pi : “ps ‘all eee 2 + — ss . Stic ao wt ae . a» Sees 
‘and eee being composeé af a number of alternstin= bands of conrl 
5 = — <i “= — 
5 ae P ~ 
a t 2 lower Gdivision consists of an upper bench, -the “"breest”™ coal 
ath . i _— a —» iw Llc CoceS & 32S 5 
5 tO feet thick; uncerlying this is 2 small bench, fron 2 to 4 
inches thick >2 from the ot) ohogpanteyer ig alge sang aegis 
; ateé ir he coe D ow by 
of are Th x 7 - 5 wed Ss aw St & ee ee be 10 a oF ami:e ecazes 
> Lad : Wm aet : > oe} _ 

: + This bearing-in™ bench is underlain by = bench 1 foct 
thick, which, from its biccky character, is yenerally known ss t! 
epee a : ” 2 . ay = ever, if zcmeraiiy smonnm eS tre 

: > ; » € ~ — > > _ > 
. ee e Jn impure bottom bench 12 tc 15 incles thick is 
— " ~~ a > * — ~ - 
par rom the “brick" coal by 2 thim bom perting. This bench 
4 = ee 4 oe —_~ 
is generally so impure that it is not mined. . 
- 12 - 





































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The Pittsburgh coal is 5 to 6 feet thick at Millwood, and carries 
the characteristic impurities;. near Blairsville it is 6 feet thick, 


including 14 inches of bone-two fect from the bottom. On Union Run 


iv is 7 feet 6 inches thick, including 14 inches of partings; at 
Beatty, 7 feet 11 inches thick, including two 1 inch partings. Here 
the lower bench is very dirty. The coal has the same characteristics 
at ‘ihitney, Hostetter, and Baggaley. At Klondike it is 7 feet 9 
inches thick, including two 1 inen clay partings. At Mammouth the 
Pittsburgh coal is mined by Shaft 110 feet deep, and is 6 fect 6 
inches thick, including a ¢ inch bone parting three feet from the top. 


GREENSBURG BASIN. 


Kittanning Coals. In the Greensburg basin’'as in the Latrobe 
basin, the Kittanning coals are under deer cover, ar@ their correls- 
tion is uncertain. Records of diamond drilling indicate that one of 
these coals, probably the Midcle Kittarming, is of mineable thickness 
locally. 


Lower Preeport Coal. This bed, about 60 feet below the Upper 
Preeport,is continuous but so thin that it is not mineable in the 
Greensburg basin, 


Upper Freeport Coal The Upper Freeport is by far the most’ 
important coal in the Allegheny formation in the Greensburg basin. 
It ranges from 35 feet to 6 feet 1 inch thick in Loyalhanna township. 
The quality is good, but usually the bed carries two or three shale 
Or clay partings.’ This coal has been replaced by sandstone in most 
Of Salem township, and in the northern part of Hempfield township. 
in southern Hempfield township, near Hunkers, the conl ranges from 4 
feet 11 inches to 5 feet 6 inches thick, including a 2 inch clay 
parting 22.inshas above the bottom. Near Ruffsdale the bed is 2 fect 
6 inches thick, including two clay partings 1 and 2 inches thick. 





Pittsburgh Coal. ‘The Pittsburgh coal is primarily a steam coal 
in the Groonsbure basin, although it can be used as a coking coal 
after washing. It is soft and friable, but mincs out in good sized 
lumps, Its charactor is the same in the Latrobe and Irwin basins. 


IRVIN BASIN, 


Kittarning ‘Coals. The Kittanning coelis lic deen under most of 
the irwin basin, end are known only from Giamoné drill records. The 
Upper Kittanning aprears to be absent; the Middle Kittanning is thick 
enough to mine in large areas; the Lower Mittaning is thin, lenticu- 
lar, and mineable only locally, 


The Middle Kittanning bed is 1 to 5 Yeet thick 14 miles west of 
salina; 2 feet 10 inches thick in southeastern Franklin township; 3 
feet 8 inches thick in northeastern North Huntingdon township) and 3 
feet 7 inches thick’ in northern Sewickley township. These thicknesses 


may be local, 


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| The Lower Kittanning coal is 2 feet thick in southern Franklin 
township; 2 feet 2 inches thick in North Huntingdon’ township; and 2 
feet 10 inches thiek in northern Sewickley township. It is either 
very thin, or entirely lacking in Rostraver township. 


ower Freeport Coal. This bed is lenticular, and nowhere over 
12 inches thick in the Irwin basin, 


Upper Freeport Coal. The Upper Freeport coal is the most impor- 
tant coal in the A egheny formation in the Irwin’basin. In Alle- 
gheny, Washington, Bell, and Loyalhanna townships, it ranges from 3 
feet to 4 feet 4 inches thick and generally is clean, except for local 
bone partings, In Upper and Lower Burrell townships the bed ranges 
from 3 feet 6 inches to’5 feet 8 inches thick, is very dirty locally, 
and carries several bone and shale partings in addition to a few 
inches of bony coal at the top of the bed, 


The Upper Freeport coal is "faulted out” by sandstone in southern 
Washington and northern Salem townships; in all of Franklin but the 
northwestern corer; all of Penn township; in northern Hempfield; and 
Southern North Huntingdon towships 


In Sewickley township the Upper Freeport ranges from & feet to 4 
feet 2 inches thick, and usually carries two or three clay and shale 
partings, -The bed has a local maximum thickness of 6 feet in Ros- 
traver township. 


ly 33 per cent.volatile matter, 55 per cent fixed carton, 8 per cent 
ash, and 2 per cent sulphur. I+ is a soft, friable coal that breaks 
up when mined. ) 


The Upper Freeport coal in the Irwin basin averages approximate- 


Pittsburgh Coal. .This bed has been the most important one in 
the Irwin basin in Westmoreland County for many years, and is now 
approaching complete exhaustion. It is the standard gas coal of 
western Pennsylvania, and is used with great success as a steam and 
by-product coking coal, 


The bed is in two divisions, as in the Latrobe basin.- The upper 
division is composed of alternating bards of coal and clay, and is too 
impure to be mined, It is separated from the lower division by 10 

to 12 inches of clay. 


The lower division of the Pittsburgh coal averages 6 feet 6 
inches thick in the Irwin basin of Westmoreland County. It is | 
divided into four benches by thin bony coal partings. The top bench 
1S called the "breast" coal, and is from 3 feet 6 inches to 4 feet 
thick; a thin bone parting separates the “breast” coal from the 
"Dearing-in" bench, which is from 4 to 6 inches thick. The "brick™ 
coal is about 18:.inches thick, and is separated from the "bearing-in" 
coal and the "bottom" coal by thin bone partings. The bottom coal is 
‘impure, and rarely mined. 

The lower division of the Pittsburgh coal averages 6 feet 4 
inches thick in the towmships north of the main line of the Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad, but thins to an average of 5 feet 10 inches in the 


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townships south of the main line. In the southern and western parts 
ed South Huntingdon township, it locally averages 7 feet 1 inch 
hick, 


The Pittsburgh coal in the Irwin basin is soft and friable. It 
ranges from 32 to 36 per cent volatile matter, averaging 33 per cent; 
55 to 58°per cent fixed carbon, avéraging 56 per cent; 6 to 9 per 
cent ash, averaging 7.5 per cent; ,.8 to 1.5 per cent sulphur 
averaging 1 per cent. 


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